– Historical Uses: Bushman/San people used dried, powdered branches as a perfume and incense; bark is charred/powdered for treating bleeding gums; the plant is also a traditional herbal tea (“Moologa tea” among Tswana). The wood is used for small carvings and utensils. – Medicinal Uses: Used for cough, fever, chest ailments, influenza, diabetes, colds, malaria, oedema, digestive problems, rheumatism, and more; leaves used as a perfume; leaves and bark in infusions, decoctions, smoke, and steams. Aromatic oils are used as an insect repellent. – Toxicity: Generally safe in traditional doses, though the plant is suspected of containing compounds that may be toxic at high concentrations; further research needed for livestock safety, as many of the Euphorbiaceae are highly toxic. – Pharmacological action: Demonstrates antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, vasorelaxant, cholinesterase inhibitory, and immune-boosting effects, among others; various parts are documented in pharmacological literature. – Bioactive phytochemicals: Over 55 compounds, including cembrane, trachylobane, pimarane diterpenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, sterols, flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin derivatives), lupeol, and others. – Livestock & Fodder: Significant as winter fodder in Namibia, though considered a minor component of browsing for wild herbivores; mostly undamaged except for selective browsing by elephants and kudu. – Cultural Significance: Used symbolically in first fruit ceremonies (among Ngwaketsi/Batswana clans), and as an aromatic product by various indigenous groups.