A large, evergreen tree with a dense rounded crown and smooth grey bark. Leaves are simple, leathery, and glossy dark green. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, appearing in spring. Fruits are small, round, yellowish drupes. Valued for shade and as a keystone species in arid savannas, it is visually prominent and ecologically critical for many species.
Supports over 160 caterpillar species (notably Lepidoptera), including butterfly species such as the Common Brown (Heteronympha merope). Important for bees and other pollinators. Provides food and shelter for reptiles (e.g., skinks), small mammals, and large herbivores like kudu and elephants which browse leaves and fruits. Acts as a nurse plant for seedlings of other species. Fixes soil nutrients indirectly by improving microhabitats.
Flowers small, nectar-rich, attracting bees and wasps. Fruits eaten by birds and mammals, aiding seed dispersal. Seeds dispersed mainly by mammals and birds.
Provides fruits for frugivorous birds such as turacos and hornbills. Dense canopy offers nesting and perching sites for various bird species including weavers and doves. Supports insect populations for insectivorous birds.
Seeds mature in late summer; collect ripe fruits, remove pulp, sow fresh seeds in well-drained soil. Germination moderate; scarification improves success.
Difficult; generally propagated by seed.
Used traditionally for shade, fodder, and medicinal purposes (roots and leaves for treating stomach ailments). Important cultural tree in many communities. No significant livestock toxicity reported.
